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The cerebral cortex is the brain's outer layer of tissue, playing a key role in higher functions such as language and consciousness.

The brain imaging data were matched against time-coded transcriptions of the stories. The researchers then used a computer algorithm that scored words according to how closely they are related in terms of meaning.

The results were converted into a thesaurus-like map where the words were arranged on the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

They show that the semantic system is distributed broadly in more than 100 distinct areas across both halves - hemispheres - of the cortex and in intricate[2] patterns that were consistent across individuals in the study.

The maps show that many areas of the human brain represent language describing people and social relations rather than abstract concepts.

But the same word could be repeated several times on different parts of the brain map. For example, the word "top" was represented in a part of the brain that responds to words about clothing and appearance, and also in a region that deals with numbers and measurements.

"Our semantic models are good at predicting responses to language in several big swaths[3] of cortex," said Dr Huth.

"But we also get the fine-grained[4] information that tells us what kind of information is represented in each brain area. That's why these maps are so exciting and hold so much potential."

Scientists could track the brain activity of patients who have difficulty communicating and then match that data to language maps to determine what their patients are trying to express.

"Although the maps are broadly consistent across individuals, there are also substantial individual differences," said the study's senior author Jack Gallant.

"We will need to conduct further studies across a larger, more diverse sample of people before we will be able to map these individual differences in detail."

Chernobyl's legacy 30 years on

Children are still being born with severe birth defects and rare types of cancer in areas near to Chernobyl, according to a British charity, three decades on from the world's worst civil nuclear disaster.

The accident on 26 April 1986 contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union, changed the way the world thinks about nuclear energy and has affected an unquantifiable number of people in the region.

For British paediatrician Dr Rachel Furley, the "desperately sad" reality is that women who have spent their entire lives exposed to high levels of radiation are now having children.

She says that in the most severe cases babies have limbs missing and in one case a baby was born with two heads.

When Dr Furley is not treating children in Bury St Edmunds, she helps 800 youngsters in Gomel, a region of Belarus.

She set up the charity Bridges to Belarus when she was still at medical school.

It now gives families clothing, school materials and accommodation, as well as food during the harsh winter, English lessons and healthcare.

The organisation also provides pain relief, palliative care[5] and potentially lifesaving blood tests for the unusually high number of children with cancer, in a region where state healthcare is often lacking.

Deserted city

The desolate concrete graveyard of giant Soviet-era buildings in the deserted city adjacent to Chernobyl is a reminder of how, in the days following the accident, a whole community left their homes in a hurry and never returned.

Pripyat was a city built for Chernobyl's workers and their families.

Before the disaster it had a population of 60,000.

Three decades on and children's shoes and toys are still left in the decaying building that was a kindergarten.

Families separated

But about 180 mainly elderly people still live within the 30km exclusion zone around Chernobyl.

Sixty-two-year-old Valentina remembers the "whispers" and "fear" within the local community in the days after the disaster.

It took the Soviet authorities several days to announce that something had happened at Chernobyl. And it took much longer for the full truth to emerge.

Valentina left the area briefly but soon returned to her home near Chernobyl. Her daughter, sister and parents, however, were relocated to different parts of Ukraine.

"Being separated from my family was hard," she told us. "But I don't worry about my health.

"We don't fear the radiation… for us it doesn't matter where we die."

Questions:

Article N°1:

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Article N°2

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