Resumen de bioliga “Review of biology”

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- ORGANIC CHEMISTRY= the study of organic compounds-those that contain carbon

- CARBON=has 4 electrons in its outermost energy level

- Carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

- Carbon compounds are the basic building blocks of living organism

- Carbon Compounds are- shape in 3= /straight chain molecules/branched molecules/ring molecules/

- Carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules

- MACROMOLECULES= larger molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together

- POLYMERS= larger molecules made from repeating units of identical compounds called: MONOMERS that are linked together by a siries of covalent bonds

- Biological macromolecules-organize-4 categories:CARBOHYDRATES/ LIPIDS/ PROTEINS/ NUCLEIC ACID

CARBOHYDRATES

- Compounds compose: CARBON,HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN and 2 HYDROGEN ATOMS FOR EACH CARBON ATOM

- General formula (CH2O)n “n” indicates the number of CH2O UNITS in a chain

- Values of “n” ranging from 3-7 are=MONOSACCHARIDES or SIMPLE SUGAR

- GLUCOSE is an example and it plays a central role as a energy source-organism

- 2 MONOSACCHARIDES join together form= DISACCHARIDE-energy source

- SUCROSE & LACTOSE are an example

- Longer carbohydrate molecules=POLYSACCHARIDES

- GLYCOGEN is an example-energy storage form of glucose-found-in-liver& skeletal muscle

- When the body needs energy during a physical activity, glycogen is broken down into glucose

- In plants= CELLULOSE-provides structural support in cell walls(chains of glucose link in fibers)

- Function= FAST ENERGY&STORE ENERGY& PROVIDE STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

LIPIDS

- Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up: fats, oils& waxes

- Lipids are compose of fatty acids, glycerol and other components

- Function=STORE ENERGY&PROVIDE BARRIES

- TRIGLYCERIDES= is a fat if it is liquid at room temperature(is store in the fat cells of-body

- WAXES= what the plants leaves are coated with to prevent water loss and the honeycomb in a beehive is made of beeswax

- Organism need lipids to function properly

- Basic structure: fatty acids tails ”each tail is a chain of carbon atoms bond to hydrogen and other carbon atoms by single or double bounds

- SATURATED FATS= lipids that have tail chains with only a single bond between carbon atoms/because no more hydrogen’s can bond to the tail

- UNSATURATED FATS= lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atom in the tail chain can accommodate at least one more hydrogen

- POLYUNSATURATED FATS=fats with more than one double bond I the tail

- PHOSPHOLIPIDS= is responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane

- Phospholipids have a polar head and 2 no polar tails

- Lipids are HYDROPHOBIC= they do not dissolve in water-these allows lipids to serve as barriers in biological membranes

- STEROIDS= include substances such as CHOLESTEROL& HORMONES

- CHOLESTEROL=provides the starting point for other necessary lipids(vitamin D) and the hormones(estrogen & testosterone)

PROTEINS

- Compound made of small carbon compounds called AMINO ACIDS

- AMINO ACIDS= small compounds that are made of carbon+ hydrogen+ oxygen+ nitrogen + and sometimes +sulfur

- All amino acids share the same general structure

- Amino acids structure: have a central carbon, it can form 4 covalent bonds, one of those bonds is with hydrogen

- The other 3 bonds are with amino group(-NH2) , carboxyl group(-COOH) , variable group(-R)

- There are 20 different variable groups, and proteins are made up of different combinations of all 20 different amino acids

- PEPTIDE BONDS= covalent bond join amino acids together to form proteins

- Peptide forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

- Functions of proteins=/TRASPORT SUBSTANCES/SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS/MAKE HORMONES/PROVIDE STRUCUTRAL SUPPORT/COMMUNICATE SIGNALS WITHIN CELL AND BETWEEN THEM/CONTROL CELL GROWTH/

- PROTEINS MADE UP 15% of your total body mass(muscles, skin & hair are made of proteins)

- CAN HAVE-4 LEVELS OF STRUCTURE/ THE NUMBER OF AMINO ACIDS IN A CHAN AND THE ORDER IN WHICH amino acids are join define the proteins primary structure

- After-amino acid chain is form,it folds a three dimensional shap=secondary structure(helix& pleat)

- Its structure may contain: helices,pleats& folds

- Tertiary structure is globular”hemoglobin protein” but some proteins form long fibers

- Some form a 4 level of structure by combining with other proteins

- The shape of a protein depends on the interactions among the amino acids/hydrogen bonds help-hold shape

- Peptide bonds join amino acids in proteins

NUCLEIC ACID

- Are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information

- Are made up smaller repeating subunits=NUCLEOTIDES- ARE COMPOSE OF CARBON+NITROGEN+OXYGEN+PHOSPORUS+HYDROGEN ATOMS-arranged

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