Mary was now in love with James Bothwell she wanted to avenge the death of Rizzio and get rid of Henry.

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In 1598, he published The Trew Law of Free Monarchy, in which he justifies absolutism and the doctrine of divine right (king by divine right). He relies on several arguments: from the bible, from history and natural arguments. It was translated in several languages and was well known. Absolutism was an old idea, this was reviving France because of the civil war.

In 1599 he published a small treaties called Basilikon (royal) Doron (gift) for his son, Henry, who he loved very much. But he died when he was 18.

King James VI and I from 1603 to 1611

- The English kingdom in the 17th century

No sharp contrast between the late tudors and the early stuart from 1603 to 1660

The population stood around 4M people for England and Wales, it continued to grow and this created social charges and social tensiosn but it was a success of wealth to those who supplied basic needs (clothers and food), so the movement of enclosure continued

Industry and foreign trade: foreign trade was the most dynamic sector of the economy and certain branches of industry started to be immensely profitable, this was the case for the production of coal and metals but the cloth industry remained the most wide spread source of wealth. It was organized in small units, in villages (the cottage industry). New enterprises were monopolies. This was the case of the production of alum (chemical product used for dying and in medicine). That was the beginning of a chemical industry. Another monopoly was the production of glass. There was a constant drive for improvements in techniques and methods. But the industry remained in the hands of small masters.

Agriculture: it still employed the overwhelming mass of the population, as much as 80% of the population lived in the country. The improvement of farm implements and of farming methods was a popular subject but methods improved slowly. By the middle of the 17th century, harvest failures decreased and by 1700, England had become an exporter of food.

Rural areas and cities: there were few large urban areas (Norwich and Bristol). There were the biggest provincial towns with about 15,000 inhabitants each. London was the only city on an equal footing with great continental cities. Its population doubled from a quarter of a million to half a million between 1600 and 1700. Most of the population were poor migrants. London is very filthy and full of thieves.

Social classes: the English society remained fairly fluid, at the top of the social hierarchy there was the Stuart royal family, below came the hereditary members of the aristocracy (about 60) they sat in the house of lords, there were the lords temporal, sat 26 bishops who were non hereditary lords (their title could not be passed to their sons), they were the lords spiritual. The aristocracy lost prestiqye because of their revenues kept decreasing and also because many nobles were created to make money. This lost of prestige was due to the improvement in weaponry, to be a military leader now required real skills. Below the nobility came the gentry, they numbered less than 5% of the population, tehey had the rights to bear a coat of arms, they were not nobles. They were landowners byt they also invested in the industry, many of the members of the gentry were hard working protestants and they wer shocked by the way the king and the court behaved

- Events following the accession of James (March 1603 to March 1604, the first session of parliament)

He took a whole month to go from Edenborough to London. He stayed with great lords, hunting with them. People float to see him ride past. They were pleased to have a man as king, on his way a group of clergy presented him a petition: the humble petition of the ministers of the Church of England. The puritans were members of the church, they called themselves the ministers of the gospel, that means they are evangelists, therefore puritans. Concerning church service, they wanted the use of the cross, confession of children and confirmation to be abandoned, they also wanted the ring in marriage, they wanted women not to be allowed to baptize. They wanted ceremonials to be shorter in order to give time for longer sermons. Concerning church disciplines, they wanted an educated clergy, in order to be able to preach, they asked for non residency to be forbidden (a bishop must reside in his bishopric, he can’t be absent). They attacked the institution of bishops and they condemned pluralism.

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